Neste texto, os três professores que presidiram até hoje a Comissão Brasileira de Filosofia Medieval fazem um histórico da mesma, salientando 0s encontros e congressos realizados, as publicações feitas e os projetos para o futuro.

For several centuries prior to the founding of the Theosophical Society in 1875, individual 'theosophers' in Britain and Europe were quietly in touch with one another all seekers of the inward way. Theosophic Correspondence (1792 1797) is a series of inspiring letters, personal and philosophic, exchanged during the climactic days of the French Revolution between Kirchberger, member of the Sovereign Council at Berne, Switzerland, and Saint-Martin, whom Kirchberger regarded as 'the most eminent writer . . . and most profound of (...) his age'. (shrink)

SÍNTESE - Origenes é o primeiro pensador e mestre cristão sobre cuja obra escrita sistemática e ensino institucional é possível fazer uma apreciação criteriosa. Seu plano de estudos, por toda a vida, tem a Escritura como objeto único, enquadrado entre uma visão teórica integral e um destino apologético. A Sabedoria é o Logos, Cristo, e por isto a ciência total é a Teologia. O plano teórico do saber abrange a tríplice realidade: Deus, Mundo, Homem; e o programa de estudos segue (...) este plano. Mas nem o plano nem o programa são rigidos, suas temáticas se interpenetram. O método de análise baseia-se no estudo literal do texto e a interpretação é alegórica ou literal; sua pedagogia tem como aspecto principal o exemplo da vida filosófica dado pelo mestre. (shrink)

Orígenes é considerado como o maiordos pensadores greco-cdstãos. Do que restou desua vasta obra pode-se construir uma Antropologia,onde afloram noções fundamentais comocorpo, alma e espírito; livre-arbítrio e liberdade;racionalidade e paixões; união do homem e damulher, vida ética e outros temas mais.

Orígenes de Alexandria (c. 185-254) é considerado por muitos estudiosos de Patrística como o primeiro grande teólogo do Cristianismo. A partir da exegese minuciosa da Bíblia realizou uma amplíssima hermenêutica, expondo as Escrituras em comentários e homilias, e sistematizando toda a doutrina cristã em diversos tratados. Sua criatividade se baseava na Bíblia como temática, e numa metodologia peculiar, em que, na análise e interpretação, entrava o predomínio da alegoria. Orígenes foi de tal modo um expoente da teologia cristã em formação, (...) e um adepto tão fervoroso de Platão que alguns dos seus estudiosos preferem definir os traços gerais do platonismo cristão e apenas assinalar as divergências entre eles como algo secundário. Em Alexandria a tradição da teologia judaica, iniciada com a helenização das Escrituras pela tradução dos Setenta, consolidou-se na obra de Filon, adepto de Platão que teve relevante influência junto aos intelectuais cristãos. A força do platonismo alexandrino, que já vinha dos tempos do Museu, ficou mais explícita quando, no século IV, foi criada a escola de teologia cristã de Antioquia da Síria, de tendência aristotélica, de exegese literal anti-alegórica, rejeitando Platão e tornando-se deste modo rival de Alexandria. Por isso na Escola de Antioquia Orígenes foi rejeitado, e no cristianismo da Síria tanto ele como o platonismo tiveram pouco lugar. (shrink)

Defrontando-se com a questão do acaso, tal como proposto pela filosofia pagã, os pensadores cristãos sentiram-se ante um dilema: se existe o acaso, a ordem do mundo não é perfeita, mas, se tudo possui uma causa determinante, onde fica o livre-arbítrio? A resposta de Origenes é a mais completa e original, atestada pelos argumentos e pela terminologia utilizada; mas ela não coincide in totum com as propostas posteriores da Escolástica e do Renascimento.

Orígenes não foi só um teólogo criativo e inspirador, e o primeiro a redigir uma obra vasta e organizada, mas foi antes de mais um mestre de vida espiritual O testemunho de seus discípulos e comentadores mostra-o como um homem de Deus, intérprete da Palavra divina, trabalhador paciente no ensino e na escrita, austero e vivendo na oração. Não é de estranhar, pois, que o primeiro tratado cristão sobre a oração seja de sua autoria. Nele Orígenes discute os vários modos (...) de orar, a finalidade da oração e os objectivos de quem ora, o que e como se deve pedir, os benefícios, e o que se pode esperar da oração. A segunda parte do tratado é um comentário pormenorizado às palavras da oração do Senhor, procurando nelas o sentido alegórico e espiritual. O que perpassa todo o tratado é que ele é de certo modo uma base textual para definir algo mais importante: a vivência cristã; mas Orígenes o faz sem abdicar da argumentação e do método expositivo, empregando inclusive opiniões dos filósofos, e recorrendo explicitamente ao aristotelismo. /// Origen was the first Christian theologian to write a large and complex work on every aspect of the Christian message, but besides that and most of all he was a master of spiritual life. The testimony of his disciples and commentators presents Origen as a man of God, an interpreter of Divine Word, a patient worker as a teacher as well as a writer, austere and on continuous prayer. It would be expected that he should be, as he actually was, the first Christian to write a complete treatise on Prayer, where he deals with the different ways of praying, the prayer's very objectives and purposes, what should a man expect as a benefit and results of his prayer, and how and what to pray. The second part of Origen's treatise is a commentary on the words of the Lord's Prayer, looking for its allegoric and spiritual meanings. What seems to underlay the entire Treatise is an explanation of the Christian way of life, and Origen does it largely applying the methods of critic argumentation, eventually calling for the Philosophers opinions and explicitly using aristotelian theories. (shrink)

Michaël Crevoisier : Fraichement retraité, vous avez été Maître de conférences au département de philosophie de l’Université de Franche-Comté. Toute votre carrière, mais en réalité déjà vos études, se sera déroulée ici, à Besançon. Je souhaiterais donc commencer par cette ville, cet ancrage. Est-ce que cela revêt une signification particulière pour vous? Et s’il fallait nous le rappeler en quelques mots, qu’avez-vous fait et vécu à Besançon à travers vos travaux philosophiques? Louis Uccian...

Na compreensão de mundo de Giordano Bruno as teorias copemicanas a respeito de nosso sistema planetário são estendidas a todo o universo. Além disso, redefinem-se os conceitos de matéria e forma. Ele compreende a totalidade do universo como uma imensidão ilimitada dotada de vida e de energia. Na linha de alguns filósofos antigos, defende ele que entre os seres animados e o mundo existe uma analogia no que se refere à vida, vida esta que se manifesta através de muitas modalidades. (...) Com outro sentido que os medievais, afirma que o mundo é uma manifestação da divindade e, abeberando-se em Plotino, defende que a alma do mundo é sua forma universal. (shrink)

La logique de Leibniz: d'apres des documents inedits / par Louis Couturat,...Date de l'edition originale: 1901Sujet de l'ouvrage: Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716)Logique moderneCollection: Collection historique des grands philosophesCe livre est la reproduction fidele d'une oeuvre publiee avant 1920 et fait partie d'une collection de livres reimprimes a la demande editee par Hachette Livre, dans le cadre d'un partenariat avec la Bibliotheque nationale de France, offrant l'opportunite d'acceder a des ouvrages anciens et souvent rares issus des fonds patrimoniaux de la (...) BnF.Les oeuvres faisant partie de cette collection ont ete numerisees par la BnF et sont presentes sur Gallica, sa bibliotheque numerique.En entreprenant de redonner vie a ces ouvrages au travers d'une collection de livres reimprimes a la demande, nous leur donnons la possibilite de rencontrer un public elargi et participons a la transmission de connaissances et de savoirs parfois difficilement accessibles.Nous avons cherche a concilier la reproduction fidele d'un livre ancien a partir de sa version numerisee avec le souci d'un confort de lecture optimal. Nous esperons que les ouvrages de cette nouvelle collection vous apporteront entiere satisfaction.Pour plus d'informations, rendez-vous sur www.hachettebnf.frhttp: //gallica.bnf.fr/ark: /12148/bpt6k110843d. (shrink)

Louis Painchaud | : Pendant près de deux millénaires, « faux-Judéens » et « synagogue de Satan » de Smyrne et de Philadelphie ont été considérés comme des « Juifs », membres des « synagogues » de ces villes, hostiles aux « chrétiens » qu’ils auraient même dénoncés auprès des autorités. Dans la deuxième moitié du xxe siècle, dans un contexte qui a suscité tout un courant de réflexion critique sur l’antisémitisme chrétien, plusieurs ont proposé de voir dans ces (...) « Juifs » des factions hostiles à Jean au sein des assemblées auxquelles il s’adresse. L’hypothèse qui est proposée ici est de voir, dans ces Judéens accusés de blasphème et taxés d’être de faux Judéens ou des Judéens menteurs, des membres de l’ethnos Judéens souillés, aux yeux de Jean, un prophète judéen sectaire, par leur intégration dans le tissu associatif de la cité. Quant à la « congrégation de Satan » qu’ils formeraient, elle ne doit pas être entendue comme la désignation d’une communauté judéenne ayant une existence réelle dans la cité, mais comme une pure construction de Jean, prophète de Jésus le Vivant qui ne se savait pas encore chrétien, visant à démoniser non pas tous les Judéens de ces deux cités, mais certains Judéens infidèles aux commandements et, donc, à leur identité judéenne. | : For nearly two thousand years, the Smyrneans and Philadelphians that the book of Revelation describes as “false Judeans” and as making up a “synagogue of Satan” have been taken to be “Jews,” members of the “synagogues” located in those cities, who were hostile to local “Christians,” to the point of denouncing them to the authorities. In the second half of the twentieth century, in a context in which Christian anti-Semitism was increasingly recognized and critiqued, many argued that these “Jews” were in fact members of the communities addressed by John, belonging to factions hostile to his message. In this paper, I will argue that the people whom John accuses of being blaspheming and false Judeans were members of the Judean ethnos who were seen by John — himself a Judean sectarian — as having become defiled through their integration into the social and professional fabric of the city. From this point of view, the “synagogue of Satan” is not to be seen as a real Judean community, but rather as the pure creation of John, a prophet of Jesus the Living One who did not know that later generations would consider him a “Christian.” Thus John does not intend to demonize all the Judeans in these two cities ; rather, his invective is directed at some Judeans, whom he sees as betraying the commandments and, hence, their own Jewish identity. (shrink)

Le Tableau naturel des rapports qui existent entre Dieu, l'homme et l'univers est un ouvrage fondamental pour ceux qui cherchent à comprendre les mystères de la Création. Pour Louis-Claude de Saint-Martin, l'homme porte en lui-même la clé de tous les mystères. Se connaître soi-même est donc la condition primordiale pour accéder à la Connaissance. Les textes sacrés nous enseignent que l'histoire de l'humanité est liée à un drame en trois actes. Le premier est celui de l'âge d'or ; le (...) deuxième celui d'une chute douloureuse dans la matière ; le troisième, qui reste à venir, sera marqué par une rédemption, une réintégration dans le Divin. L'auteur de ce livre s'efforce de percer le sens ésotérique de ces trois étapes. Il montre aussi que l'impasse dans laquelle se trouve l'homme résulte de la confusion qui règne dans ses pensées. S'il nourrissait sa volonté à la chaleur de l'Amour divin, il accéderait à la régénération d'une manière naturelle, et l'humanité trouverait la Connaissance menant à la Paix Profonde. (shrink)

Rudolf Louis untersucht in diesem Buch den Widerspruch in der Musik. Er zeigt, wie Komponisten mit Widersprüchen umgehen und wie diese teilweise zu großen Kunstwerken führen können. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, (...) as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Ce recueil d'articles, publié pour la première fois en 1965 aux Editions François Maspero, a connu un succès exceptionnel pour un ouvrage théorique : quinze tirages (soit 45 000 exemplaires) et de très nombreuses traductions. Comme le notait Elisabeth Badinter dans Combat du 25 avril 1974 : "Les étudiants et les intellectuels marxistes découvrirent Althusser et à travers lui, sinon un nouveau Marx, du moins une nouvelle façon de le lire. Depuis la Critique de la raison dialectique de Sartre, Althusser (...) est le seul philosophe à proposer une interprétation vraiment originale des œuvres de Marx. " Depuis les années 1960, les études marxistes n'ont pu ignorer cette approche qui établissait une "coupure épistémologique" dans l'œuvre marxienne, séparant les textes idéologiques du jeune Marx de ceux plus scientifiques du Marx de la maturité. Elle offrait aussi une autre évaluation de l'apport de Hegel à Marx et n'hésitait pas à s'inspirer des réflexions philosophiques de Mao Zedong pour nourrir sa propre philosophie. Rares sont les livres ayant suscité autant de passions théoriques et provoqué autant de débats. "Comment expliquer une telle influence? D'abord, évidemment, par la nouveauté qui caractérise, dans les années 1960-1965, sa lecture de Marx. Lecture "symptomale ", au sens freudien du terme, c'est-à-dire attentive au non-dit tout autant qu'au discours explicite... Il s'agit d'en finir avec la version humaniste, bavarde et idéologique du marxisme vulgaire et de donner le jour à une véritable pratique révolutionnaire, fondée sur un savoir rigoureux. " Le Monde. (shrink)

MATTER AND LIGHT The New Physics By LOUIS DE BROGLIE. Originally published in 1937. TRANSLATORS NOTE: THE Author has in certain places modified the original French text for the English translation, for the sake of greater cohesion, and has also revised some passages, in order to bring them into accord with the results of later research. Occasional Translators Notes are shown in square brackets. The chapter on The Undulatory Aspects of the Electron has the special historical interest of having (...) been delivered as a Lecture on the occasion of the Authors receipt of the Nobel Award, while that on Wave Mechanics and its Interpretations was given as an Address at the Glasgow meeting of the British Association in 1928. I am indebted to Dr. J. E. Turner, of the University of Liver pool, for assistance with the translation and the proofs, and to Dr. C. Strachan, of the same University, I am indebted for valuable assistance in dealing with the equations and the more technical passages, as well as for reading the proofs. W. H. J. PREFACE: THE amiable insistence of my friend Andr George has induced me to collect in the present Volume a number of Studies on con temporary Physics written from both the general and the more metaphysical point of view. Each of these Studies forms an inde pendent whole, and can be read by itself. A slight degree of repeti tion which the reader is asked to overlook has been the inevi table result for on more than one occasion I have been compelled to duplicate a summary of the great fundamental stages of con temporary Physics, such as the classification of simple substances, the investigation of the photo-electric effect and the origin of the Theory of Light Quanta and of Wave Mechanics the subjects are somewhat technical, and I cannot well assume that they are common knowledge. But though the same subject is outlined in several of these Studies, I have tried to take up a different point of view in each, and have endeavoured to throw light on different aspects of the essential problems of Quantum Physics in order to facilitate a grasp of their importance. On comparing the different chapters the reader will observe that, while overlapping, they also complement one another and he will feel the fascination and greatness inherent in the vast structure of modern Physics. And while admiring the vast number and the extreme delicacy of experimental facts which laboratory physicists have succeeded in revealing, and the strange and brilliant concepts devised by theorists to explain them, he will appreciate to what a degree the methods and ideas of physicists have grown in subtlety during recent years, and how great has been the progress from the somewhat ingenuous Realism and the over-simplified Mechanics of earlier thinkers. The more deeply we descend into the minutest structures of Matter, the more clearly we see that the concepts evolved by the mind in the course of everyday experience especially those of Time and Space must fail us in an endeavour to describe the new worlds which we are entering. One feels tempted to say that the outlines of our concepts must undergo a progressive blurring, in order that they may retain some semblance of relevance to the realities of the subatomic scales. Time and Space, in other words, are too loose a dress for the elementary entities individuality becomes attenuated in the mysterious pro cesses of interaction, and even Determinism, the darling of an older generation of physicists, is forced to yield... (shrink)

Louis Gardet. CHAPITRE II VALEUR ET MÉTHODE DE L'ENSEIGNEMENT PHILOSOPHIQUE COMME PRÉPARATION A LA THÉOLOGIE Le problème examiné est celui de l'enseignement de la philosophie dans les Instituts et Séminaires ...

Ce texte a déjà paru dans L. Hébert (dir.), Signo, Rimouski (Québec), 2011. Nous remercions Louis Hébert de nous avoir autorisé à le reproduire ici. 1. Résumé Trois opérations sont nécessaires pour produire un rythme : la segmentation en unités, la disposition et la sériation de ces unités. « Disposition » désigne également la composante relative à la disposition des unités dans une étendue temporelle et/ou spatiale. Le rythme peut notamment être défini comme la configuration particulière que constituent au (...) (...) - Sur le concept de rythme – Nouvel article. (shrink)

Au point où nous sommes parvenus, il est aisé de reconstituer ce qui s’est passé dans l’esprit de Pascal entre le 10 septembre 1647 et l’envoi des quelques exemplaires du Récit. 1 – La fabrication de la Lettre à Périer Le 10 septembre au plus tard, Périer quitte son beau-frère à Paris pour retourner à Clermont. Pourquoi, à ce moment, Pascal qui vient de l’entretenir de ses perplexités et de ses projets, qui vient de lui montrer soi-disant l’expérience du vide (...) dans le vide, ne... (shrink)